Water Vacuum Pump

Introduction to the water vacuum pump:

A pump works by displacing a volume of liquid or gas by physical or mechanical action.

A vacuum pump is a mechanism that displaces gas molecules from a sealed chamber to form a partial vacuum. Understanding Wavelength of Light Formula is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

In 1650 vacuum force was first discovered by Otto von Guericke in an experiment where air was removed from a sealed chamber, thereby its space became a vacuum. This led to the invention of the vacuum pump.

Working of a Manual Water Vacuum Pump

As fluids cannot be drawn up, it is impossible technically to create a vacuum by suction. Artificial vacuum can be created by increasing the volume of a container.

The principle behind a manual water pump like positive displacement pumps,is to continuously evacuate a chamber to create a compartment of vacuum by repeatedly closing and expanding. A handle expands a sealed cavity to create a deep vacuum  and due to the pressure difference, fluid from outside is pushed into the pump's small cavity. This is then sealed from the chamber by the handle, opened to the atmosphere to let the fluid move out.

The handle is the mechanism which acts as suction and discharge valves to ensure that the fluid moves in a upward direction.

Types of Vacuum Pumps

As per the method of moving a fluid, pumps can be grouped as direct lift, velocity, displacement,gravity and buoyancy pumps. I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Work Word Problems, But thank to online resources of math which helped me to learn myself easily on net.

The three main types of vacuum pumps- are electromechanical pumps, compressed air pumps and entrapment pumps. By forcing gas molecules through a nozzle, compressed air pumps increase the pressure of a gas by decreasing the space within thus creating a vacuum effect. Electromechanical pump which run on electricity creates a vacuum effect by trapping air inside the rotors and then pushing it out. Entrapment pumps take in gases and hold them in a sealed chamber.

Conclusion to Water Vacuum Pump

The pump housing or the vacuum chamber, is filled with water. When the pump is on, its motor drives an impeller at the other end at a high speed thus creating a vacuum to pull the water upwards. A diffuser is needed to release the air out of the pump or suction piping.

Types of Radio Communication

Introduction to Types of radio communication

Radio communication is the transmission of radio signals. These signals are electromagnetic frequencies. The frequencies are modulated for communication and they are less than the frequency of visible light.

These electromagnetic radiations travel through air and vacuum. In order to carry the information, some of the properties are modulated, or changed. The properties of radio waves are amplitude, phase and frequency. I like to share this Wavelength Color Spectrum with you all through my article.

About Types of Radio Communication

Radio waves are non-ionizing radiation.  The frequency of the radio waves differs for different applications:

1. Radio for audio: Amplitude modulation is used to transmit audio signals from one place to another through air or vacuum. There is a transmitter for transmitting signals and a receiver at receiving end to absorb signals.

2. Telephony: the cell phone communication uses radio signals. Earlier phones used frequency modulation; however some of the recent technologies are digital modulation of radio waves.

3. Video: the television signals are transmitted as radio signals. These signals are sent with amplitude modulation for video and FM or AM for sound. The frequency of video radio waves is 4.5 MHz

4. Navigation: satellite navigation systems use radio signals to communicate. A satellite transmits the signals and based on the position of the satellite and the tangential line around each satellite, the computer that receives the signal calculates and determines the position.

5. Heating: radio frequencies are used to generate heat inside generatingequipment. Microwave ovens use radio waves for heating food. Surgery equipment diathermy uses radio frequency for sealing blood vessels. Several induction furnace use radio waves for melting metals.

6. Amateurradio: this radio offers several frequencies for amateurs who are licensed to communicate.

7. Radar for radio detection and ranging uses radio waves for detecting objects at a distance

8. The recent addition is the radio signals for transmission of digital data.



Conclusion for Types of Radio Communication

Radio waves are transmitted through air or vacuum for various purposes by modulation in the properties. They do not charge the particles of the medium they travel through. The frequency range of radio is between a few hertz to three hundred gigahertz. There are several types of radio communication used for all the above discussed purposes.

Frequency of Periodic Motion

Introduction to frequency of Periodic Motion

The number of cycle accomplished for each second. The element used instead of cycles for every second is hertz. The fraction of a period finished for all units travel as of left in the direction of right. Frequency is the reciprocal of time. Such as graph through time, 8 contain frequency 1/8. Specifically,1/8 of a time which mean for every unit travel as of left in the direction of right. I like to share this Frequency and Wavelength Formula with you all through my article.

Frequency Periodic Motion
Periodic Motion

Motion that is repeats itself identically more and more. For example, alternation of a pendulum. But the motions exist to model with a sinusoid; it is called uncomplicated harmonic motion.

Periodic Function

Functions which contain a graph to repeat itself identically in excess of which it follows as of left in the direction of right. Properly, a function f be cyclic but the present exists a number p such that f(x + p) = f(x) for every x.

Period of Periodic Motion

This occasion is required for an absolute cycle. Such as, pendulum which moves in a periodic motion. Period be the occasion to use for the pendulum that moves backward and forward as of one side in the direction of left to right and right to left when it reverses again.

Pendulum Exhibits Periodic Motion

Pendulum consider of a weight hanging on a scheduled rod, wire. While the weight is enthused also allow go away, the pendulum determination move backward and forward back also onwards within a usual cyclic motion. The change of gravity lying on the move up and down consequences within the intervallic motion with its length determines the rate of its swing. Pendulums enclose been use in clocks used for hundreds of days, since the motion is thus normal. Please express your views of this topic coulomb's law problems by commenting on blog.

Example

Periodic Motion

Motion to repeat itself within equivalent interval of instant be called Periodic Motion. The motion of a vibrate body as of individual excessive end in the direction of the further excessive point also reverse near the first excessive point be call vibration.

For instance the movement of the move up and down of effortless Pendulum as of A in the direction of B also reverse as of B in the direction of A through point "O" is call one Vibration.

Time period

Time necessary near absolute single vibration be call Time Period of vibrate body. The time period is represented by “T".

Frequency

Number of vibrations execute through a vibrating body within single second be called its frequency.The frequency id denoted by f.

Tensile stress formula

When a material is exposed to a pull or stretch, it is said to be under tensile stress. Tensile stress is a type of stress that occurs when a material under stress is elongated or stretched due to the applied force. It is calculated by dividing the applied force by cross sectional area of the material on which the force is applied. Since a material is said to be under stress when a force is applied on its cross sectional area and result is its stretching or pulling. Hence the tensile stress formula can be expressed as
Tensile stress=F/A
Here F=applied force
A=cross sectional area of the material on which the force is applied.
Here force is measured in Newton and the cross sectional area is measured in mm2, hence unit of tensile stress is N/mm2. Having problem with Define Unbalanced Force keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

What is the definition of stress
Let’s assume that force is applied to an elastic body. The applied force will cause change in its shape and size. We say that the body is deformed. This is because the body or material is under stress. Stress can be defined as force applied on unit area of the material. Depending on the type of force, the elastic material will compress or elongate.

stress definition
Stress is the measurement of force applied on unit area of a material. It is measured in Pascal which is expressed in Newton per m2
stress equation
Since stress is measurement of force applied on cross sectional area of a material, its equation is expressed as following:
Stress=force/cross sectional area on which the force is applied. Here stress is symbolised by “sigma” s.
equation for stress
Equation for stress includes force and area of the material. It is expressed as
s=F/A
Here  s=stress
F=force
A=area of material under force.
Here we assume that force is applied equally all over the length of material. But practically we calculate the stress by measuring the force felt at the end of the length of material. Please express your views of this topic Elastic Potential Energy Formula by commenting on blog.

stress vs strain curve
As we know that a material under stress will be elongated or compressed, depending on the type of applied force. Suppose a material is subjected to tensile force. If we draw the force-extension graph for the material, it will show the behaviour of the material under force. Here we should remember that different materials will show different extension behaviour, even if they are exposed to same force. This is due to the fact that extensibility of a material depends on its shape, dimensions and many other factors. Hence the force-extension graph, that show the extension behaviour of material irrespective of their dimensions, are known as stress=strain curve.

Strain

The concept of strain and stress was given to describe the elastic materials that undergo dimension changes when exposed to a force. Here we define stress as strength of a material to withstand the force. On the other hand, strain is defined as change in dimension of a material which is subjected to a stress. Depending on the type of force, strain is categorised as tensile strain, compression strain and bulk strain. In case of tensile strain, the material is exposed to a tensile force. This force causes extension of the material by increasing its length. Compression force causes compression of the material.I like to share this Atomic Mass Number with you all through my article.

Equation for strain
Strain is defined as change in dimension of an elastic material due to stress. Hence strain equation is expressed as ratio of dimension of the material before and after force application. Since it is a ratio, it is a dimensionless quantity.

Strain equation
Strain is measured as change in length of the material caused by applied force or stress. It is calculated by using following equation:
e=??L/Lo
here e=strain
??L=change in length of the material after force application
And Lo= Original length of the material before force application.

What is a strain
As we know that most of the materials are made up of elastic particles that experience changes in their dimensions when an external force is applied. Suppose a force is applied on an elastic material, it will undergo change in its dimensions. Here we say that the material is under stress and is experiencing changes in its shape and size due to the applied force. Hence strain is defined as changes in length or dimensions of an elastic material caused by externally applied force.Understanding What is Radioactive Decay is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.
strain definition
Strain is measurement of change in length of the elastic material caused by an externally applied force. Since it is a ratio of changed to original dimensions, it is a unit less quantity.
Strain stress equation
Let’s suppose that we have an elastic material. If we apply an external force on the material, it will show changes in its shape and size. Here the strength of the material to withstand the force is defined as stress. On the other hand, the changes in dimension of the material, brought about the force, are taken as strain.
Stress equation is given as following:
Stress=force/area
Strain=changed length/original length.

Sir Isaac Newton Gravity

It is a well known story that Sir Newton was sitting under apple tree. He saw the apple falling on the ground. He thought about few things. First, since apple was present on the tree at rest, there should be no applied force at that time. When apple falls on ground, there should be a force to accelerate it. What is that force? Here came the concept of gravity. I like to share this Potential Energy Equation with you all through my article.

What are Newton's 3 Laws of Motion
While studying about calculus and physics, Sir Isaac Newton came up with three laws of motion.
The first law of motion states that a resting object will remain in rest and a moving object will continue to move with constant velocity unless an unbalanced external force is applied to it. This is also known as law of inertia of object. It explains tendency of objects to resist change in their motion and to remain in state of inertia.
The second law of motion is about an object on which some external force is applied. Under these conditions, the change in acceleration or velocity of object is proportional to the amount to applied force and is indirectly proportional to its mass.
According to third law of motion, for each force, there is equal resulting force that operates in opposite direction. Please express your views of this topic Average Kinetic Energy by commenting on blog.

Isaac Newton Law of Gravity
According to Newton’s law of gravity, each object on earth attracts every other object with a force. This force is known as force of gravity. The force of gravity is proportional to product of their masses and inversely proportional to the squares of distance between them.

Laws of Motion Examples
The first law of motion can be understood by following example. Suppose a dish is lying on the floor. Here is no applied force on the dish. The only present force is force of friction. If we apply force on dish in the quantity to overcome the force of friction, the dish will start sliding on the floor. Now the change in velocity of the dish will be according to the amount of applied force.
The second law of motion can be explained by following example. Suppose a boy is asked to push two sacks, one weighing 10 kg and other 25 kg. The boy will need to apply more force on the heavier object to push it. This is in accordance to the second law of motion.
The third law can be explained by example of rocket launching. When a rocket is launched, rocket pushes the ground with a force. The opposite force pushes the rocket in upward direction.

Isaac Newton Laws of Gravity
Sir Newton came up with law of gravity that states that each object exerts force of gravity of other objects and gave laws of gravity.

Properties of Internal Energy

It means any potential and kinetic energy present into body or in any substance at a particular temperature it may be different but temp always same and it cannot be seen because it is a microscopic activity we cannot measure it at macroscopic level. According to first law of thermodynamics when any chemical reaction takes place in two substances at the time of mixture any vibration, motion and rotation creates activity and change the surrounding of chemical reaction defines Internal Energy Formula. Sometimes, we heat the substance and also that time vibration in substance cause of heat called internal energy. So the first Law of  thermodynamics says internal energy increase is always equals to heat plus work done by surrounding. Engy of any forms is different like energy at liquid form of substance same as energy of gas are also change, when conversion of gas into any other form or any change takes place after reaction and also changes take place in molecules and atoms so this creates combustion and this is called Internal Energy of a Gas.

Internal Energy of a System means isolation of something by physical or by imagination. System works according to surrounding environment, every material or gas changes it forms according to system, contact of anything to system called surrounding. Engy transferred from surrounding to environment with the help of system and this happen through the effective system. Chemical reaction of any substance ant their internal combustion, vibration and reaction with the help of system. Internal energy of moving body is also immeasurable because it cannot see its only depend on temperature of external environment and all release and consume energy effect the internal and external environment of body. Understanding Elastic Potential Energy Examples is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Generally Development of body depends upon internal energy because all food for human body effects internal energy of human body and helps to create development because food gives energy and not only food any physical movement of anybody increase or decrease its energy. Change in Internal Energy of a System of all substance are different for example if one gram water at temperature of one degree Celsius and one gram copper same as one degree temp so in that case water have high potential energy than copper and copper have high internal energy than water so every liquid form of substance and solid form of substance have different energy with the different external temperature. So the internal energy of any substance or metal depends on it motion or on environment.

Define Convection, Conduction and Radiation

It is the process of moving of this energy from one place to other in different forms. Transfer of Heat is the process of releasing energy from the body in thermodynamic system. When temperature increases then energy releases from body and transfer to other system. There are 3 Types of Heat Transfer process which are conduction, convection and radiation. All methods have same thing happens for energy transfer from body but process is changes for all system. When temperature of body increases then molecules of particles will be vibrate, rotate and translate into other form. The amount of energy released from body due to temperature fluctuates in system. I like to share this Total Kinetic Energy with you all through my article.

When energy or it releases from fluid and transfer to solid then its conduction occurs. For example the contact of hand with container of hot water then energy transfer from container to body and this is called conduction. In conduction direct contact of energy from body. The temperature of both bodies is different and when they both are comes in contact of each other then at the time of contact they come in thermal equilibrium condition. In convection the energy releases from fluid only due to indirect contact of transfer of this energy. For example the water in vessel boiled at high temperature then its energy comes from fluid on the form of it and this indirect process is called convection.Please express your views of this topic First Law of Thermodynamics Example by commenting on blog.

When a water is placed on stove or burner then flames is direct comes from burner and this is called radiation. Heat Transfer Coefficient of Air is defines as boundary of both states gas and liquid has convection process. Water or air has direct contact of energy with boundary of other phases and it is called conduction process. Similarly, Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water is defines as when fluid is boil on burner then energy is released form liquid at high temperature or energy is transferred from one fluid to other liquid.

The Methods of Heat Transfer of convection has two processes that’s are forced or assisted convection and free or natural convection. Forced or Assisted convection has ht transfer by external forces occur on a body. For example fan, pump used for external forces for transfer of it. Natural or free convection has ht transfer process by using buoyancy forces on a body. It is natural process for transfer energy between fluid and surface. The density of fluid is greater than density of fluid near surface.

Sample Ratio Problems

Introduction for sample ratio problems:

In mathematics, a ratio expresses the magnitude of quantities relative to each other. Specifically, the ratio of two quantities indicates how many times the first quantity is contained in the second and may be expressed algebraically as their quotient. Example: For every Spoon of sugar, you need 2 spoons of flour (1:2) (Source: Wikipedia)

In our daily life, by learning ratio and proportion many a times we compare two quantities of the same type. Thus, in convinced situations, comparison by division makes better sense than comparison by taking the difference. The comparison by division is the Ratio. We denote ratio-using symbol ‘:’. If two ratios are equal, we state that they are in proportion and use the symbol ‘:’ or ‘=’ to equate the two ratios.

Sample Ratio Definition and Example Problems:

Definition of ratio:

The learning ratio is a comparison by division method. We compare the two quantities in terms of ‘how many times’. This comparison is known as the Ratio. We denote ratio-using symbol ‘:’

Examples of sample ratio problems:

Sample problem 1:

Length and breadth of a rectangular field are 75 m and 25 m respectively. Find the ratio of the length to the breadth of the field.

Solution:

Length of the rectangular field = 75 m

Breadth of the rectangular field = 25 m

The ratio of the length to the breadth is 75: 25

The ratio can be written as

= 75 / 25 = 3:1

Thus, the required ratio is 3:1

Sample problem 2:

There are 60 persons working in an office. If the number of females is 25 and the left over are males, find the ratio of,

(a) The number of females to number of males.

(b) The number of males to number of females.

Solution:

Number of females = 25

Total number of workers = 60

Number of males = 60 – 25 = 35

Therefore, the ratio of number of females to the number of males

= 35: 25 = 7: 5

And the ratio of number of males to the number of females

= 25: 35 = 5: 7.

(Notice that there is a difference between the two ratios 7: 5 and 5: 7).I have recently faced lot of problem while learning Electric Field Definition, But thank to online resources of math which helped me to learn myself easily on net.

Sample Practice Problem for Ratio:

Problem 1:

In a bag of red and green sweets, the ratio of red sweets to green sweets is 3:5. If the bag contains 150 green sweets, how many red sweets are there?

Answer: There are 90 red sweets.

Problem 2:

A fence post in Tina's garden is 6 feet tall.  When she measured the fence post’s shadow, she found that it was 12 feet long.  A tree in Tina’s yard had a shadow of 72 feet.  How tall is the tree?

Answer: 36 tall is the tree

Problem 3:

The ratio of Kate's stickers to Jenna's stickers is 7:5.  Kate has 21 stickers. How many stickers does Jenna have?

Answer: 15 Stickers

Problem 4:

Chef Pillsbury's secret recipe requires 8 eggs for every 4 cups of flour. How many eggs will he need if he uses 6 cups of flour?

Answer: 12 eggs

Problem 5:

The ratio of the length of a rectangle to its width is 5:6. Its length is 25 inches. What is its width?

Answer: 30 inches

Introduction to Physics in Daily life

Physics is  a science based on experimental, observative and quantitative measurement. It is the study of nature and the laws governing the nature and how energy and matter are related to each other.

Physics in Daily Life Examples

Physics forms an inevitable part of all branches of life. It has numerous applications in all fields of life. If we consider our daily life, whatever we do can be directly or indirectly connected to one or the other principle of Physics. Our walking, our eating. our talking all involves Physics. Physics is the backbone of many daily life example like electricity, computer, wrist watch, Car, refrigerator and so on.Understanding Definition of Gravitational Potential Energy is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

some of the very few  examples from our daily life which illustrates the principles of Physics are

i. We walk, walk fast, run, jog, jump into a bus etc. All these or any type of motion is associated with Newton's law of motion.

ii. When we talk, our vocal cords vibrate producing sound.

iii. When we eat food, the chemical energy of the food is being converted into mechanical energy which we use to do different types of work.

iv. The electricity is our house is a gift of Physics. Hydroelectric project is the method in which water is used to generate electricity.  The mechanical energy of the water is converted into electrical energy using dynamo.



Physics in Daily Life, Examples Continued

v. refrigerator works on the principles of thermodynamics

vi. Pressure cookers, washing machines, music system, computers all work on the principle of Physics.

vii. Automobiles, trains, aircraft all work on the concepts of Physics.

viii. While you are reading this article the working of your eye is similar to the working of a camera which again belongs to Physics.

ix. Mobile phones working on microwaves also uses Physics to connect people from different parts of the world.

x. Writing using Pen, writing on whiteboard using marker all are the sole properties of Physics.

xi. Rain, snowfall, lightening, thunder, wind, sea breeze etc all owe their existence to the laws of Physics

As mentioned in the beginning, the above list is endless. Any phenomenon of our daily life you consider, we an surely bring Physics in it.

Physics Adding Vectors

Introduction to number of star activities:

Stars are the heavenly bodies like the sun that are extremely hot and have light of their own. They are made up of vast clouds of hydrogen gas, some helium and the dust. Hydrogen atoms are being continuously converted into helium atoms and a large amount of nuclear energy in the form of heat and light is released. The stars are not permanent. Some activities are continuously occurring in the core of the stars. Here we discuss the activities inside the stars.Please express your views of this topic Permanent Magnet Motor Free Energy by commenting on blog.

Activities Inside the Stars

As we know that the stars are not permanent, they have some internal activities. The activity begins with the gathering of hydrogen gas and helium gas present in galaxies to form the dense clouds of these gases. These stars are then formed by the gravitational pull and it becomes the protostar. It is a highly condensed cloud of gases, mainly hydrogen and some amount of the helium gas, formed by the gravitational contraction of gases present in the galaxy. It looks like a huge dark ball of gases. The formation of protostar is only a stage in the formation of the complete star. A protostar does not emit any light. The protostar continues to contract further due to the large gravitational gas cloud collide with one another very frequently. So, that the temperature of the protostar raises from - 173°C to 107 °C. At this high temperature, the nuclear fusion of hydrogen starts.Is this topic Examples of Electromagnets hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

4 1H1   `->`      2 He 4 + huge amount of energy

Now, the protostar begins to glow and become a complete star. It continues as a star for thousands of millions of years. In all the fusion reactions continues to liberate energy.

Conclusion for the Activities Inside the Stars

As in the star, the fusion reaction continues again in the interior of the star. Then it becomes the red giant star. At that time, it becomes red in color. After that, the future of the star depends on the mass of the star. If the mass of the star is same as that out sun it lose its expanding shell. The energy liberated by the fusion of helium would make this small core glow as white dwarf star. The matter is highly condensed. If the mass of the star is more than the mass of our sun, it continues to contracts and explodes, called the supernova. After that, it becomes the neutron star and then it becomes the black hole.

Define Electromagnetism

Define Electromagnetism
Advancement of modern physics is related to putting electricity and magnetism together to
get electromagnetism. It is governed by the fact that electric current has capacity to produce a
magnetic field. According to Faraday’s law, a change in electric field produce magnetic field and
change in magnetic field produces electric field. Scottish physicist Maxwell gave the complete
mathematical explanation of electromagnetism.I like to share this Definition of Electric Current with you all through my article.

Biot Savart Law Example
The electro magnet is the example of the Biot Savart Law. As we know that as the variable
current passes through a wire it produces a magnetic field. It can be observed in any household
by using a coil of wire connected to the AC source and put a magnetic or ferro magnetic material
near it. We will observe that the magnetic or ferromagnetic material is attracted towards the
coil until the coil is carrying the current. The attraction cease to exists as soon as current is
disconnected from the coil.

Mutual inductance formula
Mutual inductance is defined as production of electromotive force in a close coil due to change in
current in the coupled coil.
The induced electromotive force (Emf2) in coil 2 due to change in current (I1) in coil 1is given by
following formula:

Here M is mutual inductance.

Induction Heating Circuit
Induction heating circuit includes a work coil in which alternating current is induced using a high
frequency electricity. This induced alternating current produces intense and quickly changing
magnetic field within the work coil. This object or work-piece that is to be heated is then placed
under this alternating magnetic field. When placed within the alternating magnetic field, a current
flow is induced in the work-piece. These currents are eddy current that flow in small circles.

What is Induction Heating
Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conductive material using alternative
magnetic field. It is a non-contact process of heating that use high frequency electricity to heat
the material. As mentioned, it is a non-contact process, hence the heating process does not
contaminate the heated material. As compare to other heating processes in which heat is
generated in heating element and then is used to heat the material, induction heating involves
generation of heat in the material, to be heated, itself. Hence induction heating is an efficient
process of heating.Having problem with Electrical Resistance Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Electromagnetism Equations

Electromagnetism is governed by four basic formulas that are represented by Maxwell
Equations. These four Formulas are Gauss Law, Gauss Law in Magnetism, Faraday’s Law and
Amperes Maxwell Law.
These formulas are given below.
1. Gauss’a Law: it is given below
= Q/0

2. Gauss’s law in magnetism is given below:

=0

3. Equation for Faraday’s Law is given below:
= - (d

4. Ampere-Maxwell law formula is given below:
= µ0I+e0µ0 (d

The Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity is related to both electrons and protons both carry a charge. Electrons carry positive charge
and protons carry positive charge. Protons concentrated in a small area called nucleus and placed in
the centre of atom. The motion of electrons is outside of nucleus in orbital. So, the moving of electrons
is response of Electricity. When an object is placed in magnetic field called magnet, it is due to motion
of electrically charged particles. Magnet has two poles called North poles and South poles. Two
magnets of same poles are repel each other while magnets of different poles are attracted each other.
Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. Electromagnetism definition is
correlated with electricity and magnetism each other.Please express your views of this topic Define Second Law of Thermodynamics by commenting on blog.

According to Dutch physicist Hendricks Anton Lorentz, Lorentz force law is the electric current applied
on a charged particle is parallel to the local electric field. The magnetic force, however, is perpendicular
to both the local magnetic field and the particle’s direction of motion. According to lenzs law, when an
electric force applied on a conductor then due to current it induced electromotive force. Lenz found a
way of direction of electromotive force and current of electromagnetic field. The direction of current
induced in magnetic field is opposite to direction of magnetic flux changes. The formula of Lenz law
shows negative sign to opposition of magnetic flux from the electric current.Is this topic Electric Flux Symbol hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

What is the Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism

Electromagnetism is also known to be as a Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism. Electricity
is produces due to magnetic effect and magnetism produces due to electric effect. When an electric
field is constant would never produce magnetism. Similarly when a magnetic field has constant value,
is doesn’t produce electric field. In our daily life we use many appliances based on electromagnetism
like television, computer etc. When an electric current is carried by a circular wire then magnetic field
produced will be same as magnetic field of bar magnet with their poles. When a magnetic field is linear
then circular electric field produces. When the electric current is carried in a straight wire then magnetic
field produces in a circular manner. Electricity and Magnetism equations are used to solve problems
related to daily life. Dr. Robert Becker was regarded as most well renowned scientist whose work
involved in the healthful and harmful effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body.

Electricity and Magnetism

How Induction Heating Works

For this a high frequency source is connected to the induction coil which generates high frequency
current in the coil. This in turn generates high and frequently varying magnetic field inside the induction
coil. The changing magnetic field induces a current in the targeted conductor. As a result of this large
amount of current passes through the target and it is known as eddy current. High frequency current
causes the skin effect which causes the AC to pass into a thin layer. Because of this effect resistance of
the target gets increased and leads to heating of target material through induction. During this process
induction coil does not get heated.Having problem with Wavelength to Frequency Equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Gravity Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism and gravity are two different forces in nature. Electromagnetism concerns with the
forces between electrically charged particles. Gravity is the attraction force between all bodies having
mass. Gravity is always attractive but electromagnetic force can be attractive or repulsive.

lenz's law equation

This is given as: V=- N

V is the induced emf due to change in flux φ.

N is number of turns of wire. The minus sign tells which way the induced current flows, based on the law
that magnetic field due to the induced current opposes the change in the flux that produced it.Please express your views of this topic Examples of Doppler Effect by commenting on blog.

Laws of Electromagnetism

Biot-Savart law: magnetic field generated due to a current carrying conductor of infinitely small
length dl is:
dB=(μo I dl sinθ) / 4πr2
Ampere's law: current generates magnetic field and its equation is given as:
∑B.dl=μo I

Force law: force on a charge q moving in a magnetic field B with velocity v is:

F =q)

Faraday's law: voltage induced in a circuit by change in magnetic flux is:
V=-

Induction Heating Coils

These coils are used in induction heating process to generate alternating magnetic field. Induction
heating coils are connected to a source of high frequency electricity which could produce high
Alternating Current through the coil. Induction coils are used to heat target material and induction coils

Biot Savart Law Derivation

Consider a small current carrying element of length dL with current I. Let r be the position vector of a
point P from the current element dL and θ be the angle between dL and r.

As per this law, the magnetic field dB induced at a point P due to current element depends on following
factors.

dBI
dBdL
dBsinθ
dB(1/r2)

Combining these we get

dBIdLsinθ/r2

dB=K Idl sinθ/r2

K=μ0/4π

Concept of Induction Heating System

Induction heating has unique characteristics of radio frequency, that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum below infrared and microwave energy. Induction Heating System was discovered by Michael
Faraday by using electromagnetism. Since heat is transfer in form of electromagnetic waves, the object
never comes into contact with any flame directly, the inductor itself does not get warm, and there is
no product distortion. Induction Heating System becomes very repeatable and controllable. When an
alternating electrical current applying to primary coil transformer, a magnetic field is induced. If the
secondary coil of transformer is located within magnetic field, an electric current will be produced.
Induction Heating Systems used in new manufacturing circuit with accuracy, persistency and high
speed. In the process of Electromagnetism heat loss occurs, this loss of heat is transferred in the form
of production. The loss is converted in the form of unusable heating production, it is called Induction
Heating.I like to share this Define Electromagnetic Induction with you all through my article.

According to Lenz’s law explanation when a bar magnet moves toward solenoid from north pole then
the magnetic field lines move from south to north pole and the induced current moves from left to right
in the coil. When a bar magnet moves away from solenoid then direction of induced current changes.
Similarly if a bar magnet placed from South Pole towards solenoid then direction of induced current will
be right to left and magnetic lines move from north to South Pole.

Lorentz Force Law is the electric force apply on a charge particle is parallel to the local electric field. The
magnetic force is perpendicular to both the local magnetic field and the direction of particle’s motion.
The Lorentz force equation ir related to electromagnetism and Maxwell equation. Electric field and
magnetic field are related to each other and it’s superimpose effect is Definition of Electromagnetism.
When electric current applied on iron core wound with a conductor, the strength of electromagnet
depend on applying current. The current can easily start and stopped as required for functioning to form
an electromagnet.Understanding Magnetic Moment of an Electron is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

According to Biot Savart Law, Biot describes the magnetic field effect on electric current, how magnetic
field induced electric current. The law is consistent for both Ampere’s law and Gauss’ law and also valid
for magneto static approximation. Biot Savart Law Examples are based on electromagnetism; they
are used to define direction of current, magnetic field and electric field. It used for finding direction of
current and magnetic field and also finding length and accuracy.

Define Electromagnetism

Define Electromagnetism
Advancement of modern physics is related to putting electricity and magnetism together to
get electromagnetism. It is governed by the fact that electric current has capacity to produce a
magnetic field. According to Faraday’s law, a change in electric field produce magnetic field and
change in magnetic field produces electric field. Scottish physicist Maxwell gave the complete
mathematical explanation of electromagnetism.Having problem with electrolytic capacitor symbol keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Biot Savart Law Example
The electro magnet is the example of the Biot Savart Law. As we know that as the variable
current passes through a wire it produces a magnetic field. It can be observed in any household
by using a coil of wire connected to the AC source and put a magnetic or ferro magnetic material
near it. We will observe that the magnetic or ferromagnetic material is attracted towards the
coil until the coil is carrying the current. The attraction cease to exists as soon as current is
disconnected from the coil.

Mutual inductance formula
Mutual inductance is defined as production of electromotive force in a close coil due to change in
current in the coupled coil.
The induced electromotive force (Emf2) in coil 2 due to change in current (I1) in coil 1is given by
following formula:

Here M is mutual inductance.Please express your views of this topic Electric Circuit by commenting on blog.

Induction Heating Circuit
Induction heating circuit includes a work coil in which alternating current is induced using a high
frequency electricity. This induced alternating current produces intense and quickly changing
magnetic field within the work coil. This object or work-piece that is to be heated is then placed
under this alternating magnetic field. When placed within the alternating magnetic field, a current
flow is induced in the work-piece. These currents are eddy current that flow in small circles.

What is Induction Heating
Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conductive material using alternative
magnetic field. It is a non-contact process of heating that use high frequency electricity to heat
the material. As mentioned, it is a non-contact process, hence the heating process does not
contaminate the heated material. As compare to other heating processes in which heat is
generated in heating element and then is used to heat the material, induction heating involves
generation of heat in the material, to be heated, itself. Hence induction heating is an efficient
process of heating.

Electromagnetism Equations

Electromagnetism is governed by four basic formulas that are represented by Maxwell
Equations. These four Formulas are Gauss Law, Gauss Law in Magnetism, Faraday’s Law and
Amperes Maxwell Law.
These formulas are given below.
1. Gauss’a Law: it is given below
= Q/0

2. Gauss’s law in magnetism is given below:

=0

3. Equation for Faraday’s Law is given below:
= - (d

4. Ampere-Maxwell law formula is given below:
= µ0I+e0µ0 (d

The Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism

The Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity is related to both electrons and protons both carry a charge. Electrons carry positive charge
and protons carry positive charge. Protons concentrated in a small area called nucleus and placed in
the centre of atom. The motion of electrons is outside of nucleus in orbital. So, the moving of electrons
is response of Electricity. When an object is placed in magnetic field called magnet, it is due to motion
of electrically charged particles. Magnet has two poles called North poles and South poles. Two
magnets of same poles are repel each other while magnets of different poles are attracted each other.
Magnetism is a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance. Electromagnetism definition is
correlated with electricity and magnetism each other.I like to share this Electric Flux Units with you all through my article.

According to Dutch physicist Hendricks Anton Lorentz, Lorentz force law is the electric current applied
on a charged particle is parallel to the local electric field. The magnetic force, however, is perpendicular
to both the local magnetic field and the particle’s direction of motion. According to lenzs law, when an
electric force applied on a conductor then due to current it induced electromotive force. Lenz found a
way of direction of electromotive force and current of electromagnetic field. The direction of current
induced in magnetic field is opposite to direction of magnetic flux changes. The formula of Lenz law
shows negative sign to opposition of magnetic flux from the electric current.



I have recently faced lot of problem while learning 0th Law of Thermodynamics, But thank to online resources of math which helped me to learn myself easily on net.

What is the Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism

Electromagnetism is also known to be as a Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism. Electricity
is produces due to magnetic effect and magnetism produces due to electric effect. When an electric
field is constant would never produce magnetism. Similarly when a magnetic field has constant value,
is doesn’t produce electric field. In our daily life we use many appliances based on electromagnetism
like television, computer etc. When an electric current is carried by a circular wire then magnetic field
produced will be same as magnetic field of bar magnet with their poles. When a magnetic field is linear
then circular electric field produces. When the electric current is carried in a straight wire then magnetic
field produces in a circular manner. Electricity and Magnetism equations are used to solve problems
related to daily life. Dr. Robert Becker was regarded as most well renowned scientist whose work
involved in the healthful and harmful effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body.

Bernoulli's Principle

Bernoulli's Principle

Daniel Bernoulli was the one who formulated the Bernoulli principle.The Bernoulli's Principle Definition states a relation b/w v, p and h of non viscous fluid. The flow is horizontal in nature. Here p is the
pressure, v is the velocity and h is the height.

According to the Bernoulli principle the v and p of the fluid that is flowing are inversely proportional to each other, that is if the velocity would increase then it will lead to a decrease in the pressure of the
fluid.I like to share this Atomic Mass of Oxygen with you all through my article.

Bernoulli principle equation can be stated as:

P / p g + v2 / 2 g + z = K

This is called Bernoulli's Principle Equation where

P / p g = pressure energy per unit weight fluid or pressure head.

V2 / 2 g = kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head.

z = potential energy per unit weight or potential head.

Here

P = pressure, p = rho

There are quite many Bernoulli's Principle Examples. Let us just take a simple one. Consider the air plane flying. How is it possible? Have you ever thought about it? Well the answer lies in the Bernoulli principle
which is kept in mind while designing the wings so that the pressure exerted from below the wings is greater than that exerted from the top and the plane rises up in the sky. Even you can consider the cars

whose tires are built in such a manner that during racing the pressure is exerted such that the car remains on the track.Understanding Absorbance Units is always challenging for me but thanks to all math help websites to help me out.

Bernoulli principle is also used in designing of scientific devices like Venturi meter. It is also used for making orifice meter. Have you heard  about the pilot tube, yes it is also based on the same principle. The
venture in the carburetor of the vehicles also works on this principle. Channel hydraulic is another area of application.

Like these there are endless applications and many are yet to be discovered. All of these come under fluid flow. So when we consider the fluid flow we can assume that this principle will be applied and
hence sum of all the components acting in a particular direction would remain constant whatsoever. This is an important implication of  Bernoulli principle and should be remembered. We can consider the
movement or the flow of both types of liquids that is viscous liquids and also the non viscous flow. It is important to note that the type or nature of liquid may affect the pressure etc. but overall they remain constant.

Standard for Atomic Mass

Introduction to standard for atomic mass:

Atomic mass is the mass of a single atom and it is usually expressed in atomic mass units (or amu). Most of the atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus, in the protons and neutrons contained. Since each proton or neutron weighs about 1 amu, the atomic mass is always very close to the mass number (or the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus). The atomic masse is usually determined by mass spectrography and the atoms of the isotopes of an element have the same atomic mass. It has been determined with great relative accuracy, but its absolute value is less certain.Looking out for more help on Carbon Atomic Mass in algebra by visiting listed websites.

Standard Atomic Mass

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom or molecule on a scale where the mass of a carbon-12 (12C) atom is exactly 12. Atomic mass or the mass of any atom is approximately equal to the total number of its protons and neutrons multiplied by the atomic mass unit (u) which is 1.660539 × 10-24 gram since electrons are much lighter. The atoms do not differ much from this simple formula, but only by less than 1%.

Atomic mass unit or amu

Atomic mass unit or amu is the unit defined as exactly 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The carbon-12 is an isotope of carbon with six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus. One amu is equivalent to 1.66 × 10−24 grams or 1.66 × 10--27 kg, approximately. The masses of individual atoms are expressed in terms of Atomic Mass Unit or amu. The standard is the unit of mass equals to one-twelfth the mass of the carbon atom, having as nucleus the isotope with mass number 12. Atomic mass unit has the abbreviation as amu and also known as dalton. I am planning to write more post on Rotational Energy, The first Law of Thermodynamics. Keep checking my blog.

Atomic Mass of Isotopes:

The discovery of isotopes complicated the situation. For example, pure oxygen is composed of a mixture of isotopes in nature and some of the oxygen atoms are more massive than others. This was not problem for the calculations since the relative abundance of the isotopes remained as the same [or constant]. In such cases, the average mass of its atoms expressed in amu is taken as the relative atomic mass of a chemical element.

Magnetic Field of the Earth

Introduction to Magnetic field of earth

Sir William gilbert was the first to suggest in year 1600, that earth itself is a huge magnet. His statement was based on the following evidence:

I. A magnet suspended from a thread and free to rotate in the horizontal plane comes to rest along the north-south direction. On disturbing, the magnet returns quickly to its north-south direction. This is as if a huge magnet lies along the diameter of earth. The north pole of this fictitious magnet must be towards geographical south so as to attract south pole of the suspended magnet and vice-versa.

II.When a soft iron piece is buried under earth’s surface in the north south direction, it is found to acquire the properties of a magnet after some time.I like to share this Magnets Rare Earth with you all through my article.

III.When we draw field lines of a magnet, we come  across neutral points. At these points, magnetic field due to the magnet is neutralized or cancelled exactly by the magnetic field of earth. If earth has no magnetism of its own, we would never observe neutral points.

Cause of Magnetic Field of the Earth

The exact cause of earth magnetism is not yet known. However, some important postulates in this respect are as follows:

a) According to Prof. Brackett, earth’s magnetism may be due to rotation of about its axis. This is because every substance is made up of charged particles. Therefore, a substance rotating about its axis is equivalent to circulating currents, which are responsible for the magnetization.

b)In the outer layers of the earth’s atmosphere, gases are in the ionized state, primarily on account of cosmic rays. As earth rotates, strong electric currents are setup due to movement of ions. These currents might be magnetizing the earth.Is this topic Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

c)The earth’s core is very hot and molten. Circulating ions in the highly conducting liquid region of the earth’s core could form current loops and produce a magnetic field.

General Features of Earth’s Magnetic Field

It has been established that earth’s magnetic field is fairly uniform. The strength of this magnetic field at the surface of earth is approximately 10-4 tesla or 1 gauss. The field is not confined only to earth’s surface, it extends upto a height nearly 5 times the radius of earth.  At present the south pole of earth is located at a place on north Canada, longitude 960 W and latitude 70.50 N and the north pole is located diametrically opposite the south pole i.e. at longitude 840 E and latitude 70.50 S. The magnetic poles are approximately 2000 km away from geographic poles.

Conservation of Kinetic Energy

Introduction to Conservation of kinetic Energy:

Have you ever observed a ball when thrown vertically upward with certain force? It goes to a certain height and comes back to the ground when it strikes the ground it bounces back in upward direction once again. Do you know what different forms of energy are involved here and what energy conversion is going on in this motion? Before understanding this, let us try to understand what Conservation of Energy is.

For an isolated system, the total amount of energy remains conserved. In other words we can say that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to the other. Conservation of energy tells that the total amount of energy remains unchanged. However, during a process or activity one form of energy may get changed to the other form, but if you calculate the total amount of energy, it will remain conserved.

Conservation of Energy when Ball Going Up

For an example If a is ball thrown vertically upward. Using our muscle energy, we provide some kinetic energy to ball and ball starts moving with this kinetic energy in upward direction. As the ball goes up its kinetic energy starts converting into potential energy. As a result the kinetic energy of the ball start decreasing and potential energy of the ball starts increasing. Due to decrease in kinetic energy, the velocity of the keeps on decreasing and finally at one point it becomes zero. This is the highest point up to which ball can go. At this point the total kinetic energy of the ball has converted into potential energy.
.

Thus at highest point, ball has no kinetic energy and highest potential energy. It is interesting to know that the potential energy as this point is equal to initial kinetic energy of the ball. This is as per the conservation of energy because kinetic energy is converted into potential energy but total amount of energy remains same.

Conservation of Energy when Ball Falls Down

Now ball starts falling down with this potential energy and as it falls down under gravity, its potential energy starts converting into kinetic energy. As a result the potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases and velocity of the ball goes on increasing. The moment when ball strikes the ground, all its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and once again due to conservation of energy, this energy is equal to the potential energy at the top as well as to the initial kinetic energy.

Electrical Current Production

Introduction to electrical current production:

Electric current is defined as the migration of electric charge. The electrical current may consist of charged particles that are in motion of any origin; a majority of these comprise electrons. The flow of charged particles forming the electrical current may be in either of the direction or sometimes in both the directions simultaneously.

                                                                Image flow of electron

How is Electrical Current Produced

Current is usually generated by the electromechanical generators which are run by steam obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels or in some cases by the heat that is discharged from the nuclear reactions or production of the current is possible from various other sources such as kinetic energy which is extracted from running water or from wind. Steam turbines produce up to 80% of the electrical current using a large variety of sources. Continuous production of electrical current is required since very large quantities of current cannot be stored that may be required for meeting the large-scale demands of the nation. Generation of electrical current from renewable sources such as hydropower and wind are gaining importance due to concerns with regard to the environment.


Some other Sources of Production of Electrical Current
Burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, crude oil occurs in the power plants where most of the electric energy is generated. This massive production accounts for the gases emitted into the earth’s atmosphere from the green houses gases. The heat that is produced by burning fuel is generally utilized for the evaporation of huge volumes of water, creating steam that is required by the steam turbine where it is converted into mechanical work. This mechanical work is efficiently converted into electrical current by connecting the drive shaft of the turbine to the mechanical generator.
Using an electrochemical generator for the production of electrical current: An electrochemical generator with a cell that contains an anode compartment and an aqueous solution in motion. The active metallic material loses electrons after being oxidized, which is collected through the anodic electron collector.

                                                     Image of electrochemical generator

Conclusion for Production of Electrical Current

To conclude, electrical current is produced from a variety of sources that range from fossil fuels to wind or water. A change in the magnetic field results in a change in the flux, resulting in the production of electrical current.

Alternating Current Motors

Introduction to Alternating Current Motors:

The electric motor which works under the alternating supply of current is named as the alternating current motor. As the name suggest this motor is driven only by the alternating current and if one give a direct current to the motor then the motor does not work or may get damaged. The alternating current motor consists of two major but the basic parts as, the stator which is generally fixed outside and is stationary but there exists some motor which have the stator fixed within it and the second part is rotor, which is connected both inside and outside the motor. The outside rotor is used to increase the inertia and the cooling of the motor. The outside stator has the coils to which the alternating current is supplied to produce a rotating magnetic field in the coil. The inside rotor is attached to the output shaft of the motor which gives a torque due to the rotating magnetic field. The alternating current motor of a ceiling fan is shown in the fig.1.

                                                   Fig.1 Alternating current motor of ceiling fan

Types of Alternating Current Motors

Without considering the eddy current motors, while going through the alternating current motors, alternating current motors are broadly has two types:

Synchronous motors:  These alternating current motors are the simplest kind of the alternating current motors. They rotate at a frequency which is either exactly same as the supply frequency or is a multiple of the supply frequency. In these motors the magnetic field which is generated on the rotor is either due to the current which is delivered through the slip rings or due to a permanent magnet.
Induction motors: These alternating current motors are also the simple alternating current motors but they rotate at a frequency slightly less than the supply frequency. Thus these motors run slowly. In these motors, the magnetic field which is generated on the rotor is only due to the induced current inside the coil of the motor.


Conclusion on Alternating Current Motors

From the discussion we made on alternating current motors, we conclude the importance of alternating currents and its varied application in day to day life.

Ferromagnetic Domains

Introduction to ferromagnetic domains:
The ferromagnetic substances are those in which each individual atoms or molecules or ions have a non zero magnetic moment as in the paramagnetic substances. When the ferromagnetic substances are placed in an external magnetizing field, they get strongly magnetized in the direction of the field. Ferromagnetism has been explained by Weiss on the basis of domain theory in addition to the usual electron theory.Please express your views of this topic Ferromagnetic Metals by commenting on blog.

Domains in Ferromagnetic Substances

The each atom of a ferromagnetic substance is a tiny magnetic dipole having permanent dipole moment. However in ferromagnetic materials, atoms form a very large number of small effective regions called domains. Each domain has a linear dimension of 1000 A° and contains about 1010 atoms. Within each domain a special interaction called exchange coupling renders dipole moments of all the atoms in a particular direction. Thus each domain is a strong magnet without any external magnetic field. In spite of this, a ferromagnetic substance does not behave as a magnet, because in the absence of the external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of the different domains are randomly oriented so that their resultant magnetic moment in any direction is zero.Is this topic Permanent Magnet Generator for Sale hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

When an external magnetic field is applied on the ferromagnetic substance, it gets strongly magnetized. This can be explained as follows:

(i) Displacement of boundaries of the domains, i.e., domain which are oriented in the direction of the applied field increase in size and the domains which are oriented opposite to the field deceases in size.

(ii) Rotation of domain, i.e., the domain rotate till their magnetic moments are aligned in the direction of the applied magnetic filed. This would happen only when the magnetic field applied is very strong.

                                                   Image of the ferromagnetic domains

Conclusion for the Ferromagnetic Domains

From the above discussion we can say that when the domains have aligned along the magnetic field and amalgamated to form a single giant domain. This is how ferromagnetic material gets strongly magnetized in the direction of the applied field. The examples of the ferromagnetic materials are iron, cobalt, nickel and some are the rare earth materials as gadolinium and dysprosium.

Energy Stored in Capacitor Equation

Introduction to Energy Stored in a Capacitor Equation

Capacitance:

Different conductors have different capacities to hold electric charge. The capacity of a conductor to hold charge depends upon the shape, size and surroundings of the conductor. The capacity of a conductor to hold charge is called capacitance.I like to share this paper capacitor with you all through my article.

For an isolated conductor when we increase the charge on the conductor, its potential also gets increased. The charge on the conductor is directly proportional to the potential of the conductor.

Q a V

Q = CV

Here C is proportionality constant called as capacitance. So capacitance is

C = Q / V

Unit of capacitance is coulomb / volt or farad.


Energy Stored in a Capacitor Equation:

Consider an uncharged capacitor of capacitance C. The capacitor is charged to a potential V when connected to a battery. Let the charge on the capacitor is Q. Suppose at any intermediate state of charging, let the instantaneous charge on the capacitor be q and potential difference across the capacitor is

dV = q /C. The work done to increase the charge dq is given as

dW = dV.dq

= (q /C) dq

The total work done to charge the capacitance from q = 0 to final charge

q = Q is i. e. is the energy stored in capacitor.

W = ? (q/C) dq

= (1/C) (Q2/2)

= Q2 /2C ……….. (1)

= (CV)2 /2C

U = (1/2)CV2 ……….. (2)

Equation (1) & (2) are the relation for energy stored in capacitor.


Effect of Dielectric on Energy Stored in a Capacitor on Equation:

1) When a charging battery is removed from the capacitor and dielectric of constant k is added, then the energy stored in the capacitor decreases by k times.

2) When a dielectric of constant k is added keeping the charging battery connected to the capacitor, then the energy stored in the capacitor increases by k times.

Electric Flux Density

Introduction to electric flux density:

The electric field creates a force on a charge and hence the charge moves along a certain path called the electric flux line. Also the force between two charges acts along a certain path. This path is also called the electric flux line. The electric flux through a surface held inside an electric field represents the total number of electric lines of force crossing the surface in a direction normal to the surface. it is denoted by  ?.

Magnitude of flux depends only on the charge from which it originates. The flux lines are equal to the charge in Coulombs. It is only an imaginary line.  Its direction is same as that of the electric field. It is a scalar quantity.

Electric Flux Lines

Electric flux lines from a point charge:

Electric flux lines between a positive charge and a negative charge:

Electric Flux Density:

1. Electric flux density is defined as the electric flux crossing the surface area.

Mathematically, Electric flux density,  D is defined as

D = ??/ ?S  ,   C/m2

Where, ? is electric flux crossing the differential area, ?S.

The direction of ?S is always outward, normal to ?S, that is, ?S = ?S an .

2. Electric flux density is also defined as (in a general medium)

D = eE , C/m2

Where e is permittivity, F/m

E is electric field strength, V/m

3. Electric flux density in a dielectric medium is given by

D = e0E + P


Where P is polarization of medium

e0 is permittivity of free space.

4. Electric flux density is a vector quantity.

5. The unit of electric flux density is C/m2.

6. In free space, D is in the direction of E.

7. D, in a Gaussian surface, is determined from gauss’s law.

8. D is independent of the medium. 

Heating Effects of Electric Current

Introduction to heating effects of electric current:

When we apply potential difference accross two ends of wire, an electric is set up in the wire.  Such a current is due to motion of free electrons in the wire.  During the motion of electrons they collide with each other and also with ions in the wire.  Due to these collisions kinetic energy of electrons decreases.  This loss in kinetic energy appears as heat and temperature of wire rises.  The amount of heat produced depends on (1) the current passing through the wire  (2) the resistance of the wire and 3) time for which current is passed.
Having problem with Electric Dipole Moment keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
The amount of heat produced in a conductor is given by the formula H =I2Rt  Joules, where I is the current flowing through the conductor, R is the resistance of the conductor and t is the time for which the current passes through the conductor.

This mathematical equation can be stated in the form of a law which is known as Joule's law.

It states that " the quantity of heat generated (H) in a conductor of resistance (R), when current (I) flows through for time (t) is directly proportional to

i)  the square of the current

ii) the resistance of the conductor

iii) the time for which the current flows.

Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current:

The heating effect of electric current has many practical applications.  It is used in many domestic appliances such as an electric heater, an electric iron, a geyser, lectric oven etc.

1)  An electric bulb contains a thin filament of metal like tungsten.  It has high melting point.  When current passes through the filament it is heated to high temperature and emits light.  This is the principle on which electric incandescent light bulb works.

2)  An lectric iron used for ironing clothes consists of a coil of high resistance covered by insulating mica sheets and kept inside heavy metal block.  When electric current passes through the coil it gets heated.  The iron metal block gets heated and can be used for ironing clothes.

3)  An important application of heating effect of electric current is a safety device known as "fuse".  Fuse is usuaaly made up of alloys of lead and tin.  It has very low melting point.  It melts with small rise in temperature.  Its diameter is such that it melts when a current passing through it exceeds certain value.  When excess current passes through fuse due to some accident such as short circuit, the wire melts and circuit immediately breaks down.  When shorcircuit occurs, high current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated up and melts.  The cicuit is broken and current stops flowing.


4) In industry soldering, welding, cutting, drilling and working of electric furnaces are based on heating of electric current.

5) In surgery, a fine heated platinum wire is used for cutting tissues much more efficiently than knife.

Different Sources Of Energy

Different Sources Of Energy

In our daily lives, we use energy for doing work, which is taken from various sources. For instance, we use energy to lift a box or use an electrical energy to light a lamp, etc. The different form of energies like muscular energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, heat energy, kinetic energy, etc. comes from various sources. A good source of energy would be one which would do a large amount of work per unit volume or mass, easily accessible , easy to store and transport, and economical.

There are two forms of energy, renewable and non -renewable energy.

A non-renewable resource cannot be produced,regenerated, or reused . These are limited.
A renewable resource can be produced and reused.

In ancient times, wood was the most common source of heat energy, while energy of flowing water and blowing wind was used for various purposes. The need for energy was high, as we entered into the industrialization era. This led us to find new forms of energy for the betterment of all life forms over the world. The growing demand of energy was met by the fossil fuels-coal and petroleum. These are formed from millions of years ago and it is limited. These fuels which are non-renewable sources of energy should be saved and conserved. These fossil fuels are burnt every day in power stations to heat water and to generate electricity. Here the process of converting heat energy  into electrical energy takes place.

The Various other Sources of Energy

The various renewable sources of energy are the following:-

1.Solar energy

2. Wind energy

3.Rain

4. Tidal energy

5.Geothermal energy

6.Hydrothermal energy

Hydro Power Plants:-

            The Kinetic energy of flowing water or the potential energy of the water at a height is converted into electrical energy in the Hydro-power plants. This energy is used for various purposes and it is economical. Dams are constructed for these purposes.

Bio-Mass:-

   In recent times the cow-dung cakes are used as a fuel to replace the use of wood which leads to the cutting of trees. Since these fuels are from plants and animals they are called as bio-mass.

Wind Energy:-

The Kinetic energy of the wind can be used to do work. This energy is used in the windmills to do some work like, to lift water from well and in water lifting pump. Now this energy is used to generate electricity. This energy is renewable and economical.

Non-Conventional sources of energy

 The technology growth has increased our demand for energy which has led us to invent new forms of sources.

Solar Energy:-

Solar power is an important energy sources of the earth.  All the living power directly or indirectly derive the energy from the solar system that is from the sun.  Solar power is continuous in some part of the world except for the nights.  That means the sunlight is continuous in all part of the year.  The solar energy can be converted into electric energy and heat energy.  Most of the fossil fuels are spend in the developing countries for heating purpose. By using solar energy the pollution can be controlled and the fossil fuel can be saved to other useful thing.

Technology is need to use the solar power to convert into fuel and to be stored.  New type of Batteries are to be invented for storing large amount of energy.

Energy from the sea

Tidal Energy:-
The level of water in the sea rises and falls due to the gravitational pull. These high and low tides give us tidal energy which is harnessed by constructing a dam across the sea. This tidal energy is converted into electrical energy.

Wave energy:-
The kinetic energy by huge waves is used to generate electricity. Technology has led us to invent new devices for this purpose.

Geo Thermal energy

The geological changes have led to the formation of few hot springs. The steam from the spring is trapped and is used to generate electricity. New Zealand and United States of America  are known for this Geo thermal energy.

Nuclear Energy

The process of nuclear fission is used to produce steam and further to generate electricity. The nucleus of a heavy atom is bombarded with low energy neutrons for producing this form of energy.

 We have been gifted by various forms of energies. Exploiting any source of energy disturbs the environment. The non-Renewable energy should be saved and conserved for the welfare of all the life forms on Earth.