Introduction:
Communication system is used to conveying a message from one person to other. By means of an information is the attach which holds people jointly. A communication system is known as grouping of processors and hardware used to bring about the transfer of message through communication. This system having some elements for transfer the signal from source to destination.
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Communication Systems:
A communication system is known as grouping of processors and hardware used to bring about the transfer of message through communication. This process of a system allows us to take total unit.
An energy is need to start the system. The control mechanism regulates the process. That is, it manipulates the message input into whatever form is necessary. The result of this method is the appearance of message in a form which will permit us for communication to take place.
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Elements of communication systems
Let us see about elements of communication systems,
Transmitter:
It is used for modulation and coding the original signal.
In communication system elements, it is used to converting an electrical signal into a form which is comfort for transmission on the physical channel or transmission medium.
Channel:
In communication system elements, the communications channel is known as a communication medium.
It is used to send the signal from the transmitter to the receiver.
The Receiver:
In communication system elements, It is used for demodulation such as decoding the signal from channel.
The receiver is used to recover the message signal enclosed in the received signal.
Noise:
In communication system elements, noise is produced at transmitter due to two process
1. Natural resources 2. Manmade
By nature, such as radiation from sun By manmade, noise made from like vehicles.
This noise can be reduced by using filter.
Thursday, April 25
Wednesday, April 24
Initial Velocity
Let us start with the difference between velocity and speed. It is quite obvious after all the discussion about vector and non vector quantities. Speed is basically a measurement with no direction. In case of velocity we also consider direction.
Velocity can be of two types: initial velocity and final velocity. When the object starts its motion then we can say that the initial velocity is zero as it has just started from rest. Similarly we can also consider int. velocity as some constant value. Let us take an example of a car starting from rest and attaining a velocity of 50 km per hour in 1 hour time period.
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So here we can say that the int. velocity of the car is zero and the final velocity is 50 km per hour, directed northwards. Here mentioning the direction is very important as velocity is all about direction, it being a vector quantity.
Let us now discuss Initial velocity formula. We have 3 equations of motion that have a reference to int. velocity and hence can be used for its calculation.
They are as follows:
V = u + a t ------------ > (1)
Here v is the final velocity
U is the int. velocity
A is the acceleration
T is the time period.
So u = v – a t
Also the second equation is
S = u t + 1.5 a t^2 - - - - - - >(2)
Here s is the distance covered in time interval t.
A is the acceleration
We also have a third equation for calculating velocity. It is as follows:
V^2 = u^2 + 2 a s - - - - - - -> (3)
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Here v is the final velocity and a is the initial velocity.
All these are initial velocity equation. We can also say that u^2 = v^2 – 2 a s - - - - - - - > (4)
Let us take a real world example to clear the concept. Let us assume the final velocity of the car is 50 m per sec and the time taken to complete the journey is 2 hours. Also the acceleration is 10 meter per second square. So now using first formula we will try to calculate the initial velocity.
Hence v = u + a t
Or 50 = u + 20
U = 50 – 20 = 30 m per sec
Velocity can be of two types: initial velocity and final velocity. When the object starts its motion then we can say that the initial velocity is zero as it has just started from rest. Similarly we can also consider int. velocity as some constant value. Let us take an example of a car starting from rest and attaining a velocity of 50 km per hour in 1 hour time period.
Please express your views of this topic Formula for Average Velocity by commenting on blog.
So here we can say that the int. velocity of the car is zero and the final velocity is 50 km per hour, directed northwards. Here mentioning the direction is very important as velocity is all about direction, it being a vector quantity.
Let us now discuss Initial velocity formula. We have 3 equations of motion that have a reference to int. velocity and hence can be used for its calculation.
They are as follows:
V = u + a t ------------ > (1)
Here v is the final velocity
U is the int. velocity
A is the acceleration
T is the time period.
So u = v – a t
Also the second equation is
S = u t + 1.5 a t^2 - - - - - - >(2)
Here s is the distance covered in time interval t.
A is the acceleration
We also have a third equation for calculating velocity. It is as follows:
V^2 = u^2 + 2 a s - - - - - - -> (3)
Having problem with Elastic Potential Energy Formula keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Here v is the final velocity and a is the initial velocity.
All these are initial velocity equation. We can also say that u^2 = v^2 – 2 a s - - - - - - - > (4)
Let us take a real world example to clear the concept. Let us assume the final velocity of the car is 50 m per sec and the time taken to complete the journey is 2 hours. Also the acceleration is 10 meter per second square. So now using first formula we will try to calculate the initial velocity.
Hence v = u + a t
Or 50 = u + 20
U = 50 – 20 = 30 m per sec
Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion explained that if an object is in rest then it is said to be in rest and when it is moved then it is in motion, so it proves that all objects have natural tendency to be in rest, they resist their motion.
So the property of any object to stop its state of motion is known as inertia. This word can also be described in terms of a resistance in the motion of object. So this is the particular property of an object to stop any alteration in its motion. Please express your views of this topic Angular Acceleration Problems by commenting on blog.
It is basic of classical physics and use to know about the matter’s motion and the effect of applied forces on the motion of matter. In general words, this can also be explained as the resistance to alter in the value of the velocity or the momentum. There is not any particular theory that describes the source of (In).
The law of inertia states the same definition of (In). This explains it as the specific property of any object to stop any change in its motion. As Newton's states that for the movement of an object, the external force is required like friction or gravity.
So first this concept was explained with taking the example of earth as the earth also revolves around the sun. And if the body is moved on a flat surface in a given straight direction then it is continued with its speed with the same direction unless disturbed.
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The Inertia Equation can be written with the use of mass and radius of moving body. So the formula for the (I) may be generally expressed as; I = k m r^2; where m is the mass of body, r is the distance travelled, and k is (I) constant which depends on the shape of the moved body.
For example; if we discuss about the thin-walled hollow cylinder, then the momentum of a thin-walled hollow cylinder is like the point mass. So it can be expressed as; I = m x r^2 and k is equal to one as it is taken one for point mass, where m is hollow’s mass and r is for distance.
Here we are taking two distances; one is the distance between axis and the thin walled hollow and ro is the distance between axis and outside hollow. So for the hollow cylinder: I = 1/2 m (ri2 + ro2). But for a solid cylinder, it is equal to the; I = 1/2 m r^2 (3c).
We can also measure the Product of Inertia by measuring (I) of a moving body in two different axes. As it is measured by the mass of an object, so the Units of Inertia is kgm2. This is Inertia Units in SI system.
So the property of any object to stop its state of motion is known as inertia. This word can also be described in terms of a resistance in the motion of object. So this is the particular property of an object to stop any alteration in its motion. Please express your views of this topic Angular Acceleration Problems by commenting on blog.
It is basic of classical physics and use to know about the matter’s motion and the effect of applied forces on the motion of matter. In general words, this can also be explained as the resistance to alter in the value of the velocity or the momentum. There is not any particular theory that describes the source of (In).
The law of inertia states the same definition of (In). This explains it as the specific property of any object to stop any change in its motion. As Newton's states that for the movement of an object, the external force is required like friction or gravity.
So first this concept was explained with taking the example of earth as the earth also revolves around the sun. And if the body is moved on a flat surface in a given straight direction then it is continued with its speed with the same direction unless disturbed.
Is this topic Define Second Law of Thermodynamics hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
The Inertia Equation can be written with the use of mass and radius of moving body. So the formula for the (I) may be generally expressed as; I = k m r^2; where m is the mass of body, r is the distance travelled, and k is (I) constant which depends on the shape of the moved body.
For example; if we discuss about the thin-walled hollow cylinder, then the momentum of a thin-walled hollow cylinder is like the point mass. So it can be expressed as; I = m x r^2 and k is equal to one as it is taken one for point mass, where m is hollow’s mass and r is for distance.
Here we are taking two distances; one is the distance between axis and the thin walled hollow and ro is the distance between axis and outside hollow. So for the hollow cylinder: I = 1/2 m (ri2 + ro2). But for a solid cylinder, it is equal to the; I = 1/2 m r^2 (3c).
We can also measure the Product of Inertia by measuring (I) of a moving body in two different axes. As it is measured by the mass of an object, so the Units of Inertia is kgm2. This is Inertia Units in SI system.
Uses of Solar Energy
Introduction to solar energy
Sun is the primary source of heat and light, all living things need sunlight for it's survival, we are getting various forms solar radiations like UV radiations, gamma radiations,infraded radiations etc, solar energy can be used as various other forms of energy,so, we can use solar energy as alternative sources of energies.In 21st century, obviously we should depend upon alternative sources of energy,because some sources of energy are limited in nature, so it is known non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels,by considering these situations, we should depend upon renewable sources of energy like solar energy.
Solar energy be used to run vehicles, in solar lights,in solar traffic signals, in solar water heaters, in solar cookers,plants prepare food by the process of photosynthesis using solar energy etc.
I like to share this Rotational Energy with you all through my article.
Applications of solar energy
Solar water heaters
Solar water heaters are really boon to the mankind, which conserves other sources of energy and it is eco friendly, in solar water heater it has solar panels consisting of photovoltaic cells,semi conductors, which are made out of silicon chips. these silicon chips absorb solar energy and help in heating up the water, there is an arrangement of inlet and outlet for water. water has to pass through in these set up of solar water heater.
Solar heating system composed of solar thermal collectors, a water storage tank, interconnecting pipes and a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to the tank, so in this process heating up the water by using direct sunlight, no electricity is required.
we can use this solar water heating system for various purposes like under floor heating, heating swimming pools, energy input for space heating or cooling, storing solar energy for future like for winter season by storing solar heat in the ground.
Having problem with frequency to wavelength equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Solar vehicles
Solar energy can be used to run vehicles like solar bicycle, solar cars, solar autos etc, these vehicles proved and it may replace our existing needs to run vehicles ,basically a solar vehicle is a electrically powered by solar energy. the photovoltaic cells absorb solar energy, then which converted to electrical energy.
Sun is the primary source of heat and light, all living things need sunlight for it's survival, we are getting various forms solar radiations like UV radiations, gamma radiations,infraded radiations etc, solar energy can be used as various other forms of energy,so, we can use solar energy as alternative sources of energies.In 21st century, obviously we should depend upon alternative sources of energy,because some sources of energy are limited in nature, so it is known non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels,by considering these situations, we should depend upon renewable sources of energy like solar energy.
Solar energy be used to run vehicles, in solar lights,in solar traffic signals, in solar water heaters, in solar cookers,plants prepare food by the process of photosynthesis using solar energy etc.
I like to share this Rotational Energy with you all through my article.
Applications of solar energy
Solar water heaters
Solar water heaters are really boon to the mankind, which conserves other sources of energy and it is eco friendly, in solar water heater it has solar panels consisting of photovoltaic cells,semi conductors, which are made out of silicon chips. these silicon chips absorb solar energy and help in heating up the water, there is an arrangement of inlet and outlet for water. water has to pass through in these set up of solar water heater.
Solar heating system composed of solar thermal collectors, a water storage tank, interconnecting pipes and a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to the tank, so in this process heating up the water by using direct sunlight, no electricity is required.
we can use this solar water heating system for various purposes like under floor heating, heating swimming pools, energy input for space heating or cooling, storing solar energy for future like for winter season by storing solar heat in the ground.
Having problem with frequency to wavelength equation keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Solar vehicles
Solar energy can be used to run vehicles like solar bicycle, solar cars, solar autos etc, these vehicles proved and it may replace our existing needs to run vehicles ,basically a solar vehicle is a electrically powered by solar energy. the photovoltaic cells absorb solar energy, then which converted to electrical energy.
Thursday, April 18
Kinds of Forces
Introduction to kinds of force:
Sir Isaac Newton was the first who gave an exact definition of force.He stated that :
Force is the external agency applied on a body to change its state of rest and motion.
There are four basic kinds of forces in nature. They are
Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Lets see a brief explanation of the different kinds of forces.
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Explanation of gravitational and electromagnetic forces:
Gravitational force:
It is the force between any two objects in the universe. It is an attractive force by virtue of their masses. By Newton's law of gravitation, the gravitational force between tow bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Gravitational force is the weakest force among the fundamental forces of nature but has the greatest large- scale impact on the universe. Among the basic force only gravity works universally on all matter and energy, and is universally attractive.
Electromagnetic force:
It is the force between charged particles for example the force between two electrons, or the force between tow current carrying wires. Electromagnetic forces for like charges is repulsive and for unlike charges is attractive. The electromagnetic force obeys inverse square law. It is very strong compared to the gravitational force. It is the combination of electrostatic and magnetic forces.
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Explanation of strong and weak nuclear forces:
Strong nuclear force:
It is the strongest of all the basic forces of nature. It, however, has the shortest range, of the order of 10-15 m. This force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
Weak nuclear force:
Weak nuclear force is important in come types of nuclear process such as `beta` -decay. This force is not as weak as the gravitational force.
Sir Isaac Newton was the first who gave an exact definition of force.He stated that :
Force is the external agency applied on a body to change its state of rest and motion.
There are four basic kinds of forces in nature. They are
Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
Lets see a brief explanation of the different kinds of forces.
Please express your views of this topic Electromagnetic Pulse Effects by commenting on blog.
Explanation of gravitational and electromagnetic forces:
Gravitational force:
It is the force between any two objects in the universe. It is an attractive force by virtue of their masses. By Newton's law of gravitation, the gravitational force between tow bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Gravitational force is the weakest force among the fundamental forces of nature but has the greatest large- scale impact on the universe. Among the basic force only gravity works universally on all matter and energy, and is universally attractive.
Electromagnetic force:
It is the force between charged particles for example the force between two electrons, or the force between tow current carrying wires. Electromagnetic forces for like charges is repulsive and for unlike charges is attractive. The electromagnetic force obeys inverse square law. It is very strong compared to the gravitational force. It is the combination of electrostatic and magnetic forces.
Is this topic Equation for Angular Acceleration hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
Explanation of strong and weak nuclear forces:
Strong nuclear force:
It is the strongest of all the basic forces of nature. It, however, has the shortest range, of the order of 10-15 m. This force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
Weak nuclear force:
Weak nuclear force is important in come types of nuclear process such as `beta` -decay. This force is not as weak as the gravitational force.
Wednesday, April 17
Average Speed
Average Speed
When a body moves, sometimes it accelerates and other time it decelerates due to the traffic congestion on the road, so the speed of the body is not constant over the whole journey and keeps on changing with respect to several factors.
If we need to calculate the speed for the entire journey it is calculated by finding the total distance travelled and the time taken to travel it. This is known as the average speed of the body for the journey it has travelled.
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Average Speed Formula
The formula for finding the avg speed is;
Saverage = (total distance travelled / total time taken);
where, total distance travelled is equal to the distance between the source and destination of the body and the total time is the time taken to move between the source and destination by the body.
Formula for Average Speed
The formula of avg speed is as follows;
Saverage = (DTotal / TTotal);
DTotal = Total distance travelled the body;
TTotal = Total time taken in travelling the distance DTotal by the body.
Average Speed Definition
The avg speed is defined as the average of the speed of the body over the total distance travelled by it. The body might be travelling at different speed over the portion of the total distance but it maintains the avg speed for the entire journey as constant. The avg speed can be obtained by dividing the distance travelled by the object by the time taken to the distance.
Average is helpful in identifying the speed of the body when it is travelling at different speeds for the different portions of journey. It is used to calculate the speed of the object in varying traffic conditions.
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What is Average Speed
To understand the average let us take an example. A truck is climbing the hill at the speed of 15 km/hr for 1 hour and then it started to slow down as the hill is steeper and travels at 5 km/hr. After 2 hours the truck started to climb down the hill at the speed of 25 km/hr for 1 hour to completely come to the plain.
In this journey as we see the truck is moving at different speed at different time and hence it is difficult to identify the speed of the truck but if divide the total distance travelled by it with the total time it took to travel the total distance then what we obtain is the avg speed.
In this example the avg speed is
Avg speed = 50 / 4 = 12.5 km/hr.
When a body moves, sometimes it accelerates and other time it decelerates due to the traffic congestion on the road, so the speed of the body is not constant over the whole journey and keeps on changing with respect to several factors.
If we need to calculate the speed for the entire journey it is calculated by finding the total distance travelled and the time taken to travel it. This is known as the average speed of the body for the journey it has travelled.
Please express your views of this topic What is Average Atomic Mass by commenting on blog.
Average Speed Formula
The formula for finding the avg speed is;
Saverage = (total distance travelled / total time taken);
where, total distance travelled is equal to the distance between the source and destination of the body and the total time is the time taken to move between the source and destination by the body.
Formula for Average Speed
The formula of avg speed is as follows;
Saverage = (DTotal / TTotal);
DTotal = Total distance travelled the body;
TTotal = Total time taken in travelling the distance DTotal by the body.
Average Speed Definition
The avg speed is defined as the average of the speed of the body over the total distance travelled by it. The body might be travelling at different speed over the portion of the total distance but it maintains the avg speed for the entire journey as constant. The avg speed can be obtained by dividing the distance travelled by the object by the time taken to the distance.
Average is helpful in identifying the speed of the body when it is travelling at different speeds for the different portions of journey. It is used to calculate the speed of the object in varying traffic conditions.
Is this topic Average Velocity Formula hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.
What is Average Speed
To understand the average let us take an example. A truck is climbing the hill at the speed of 15 km/hr for 1 hour and then it started to slow down as the hill is steeper and travels at 5 km/hr. After 2 hours the truck started to climb down the hill at the speed of 25 km/hr for 1 hour to completely come to the plain.
In this journey as we see the truck is moving at different speed at different time and hence it is difficult to identify the speed of the truck but if divide the total distance travelled by it with the total time it took to travel the total distance then what we obtain is the avg speed.
In this example the avg speed is
Avg speed = 50 / 4 = 12.5 km/hr.
Angular Displacement
Angular Displacement
Displacement is known as the change in the position of body or object with respect to a point of reference. Displacement is a scalar quantity. Similarly when an object or body changes both the position and angle then it’s displacement is calculated as angular displacement.
Angular-displacement is the change of the angle and the position of the body with respect to its initial position and angle.
Although displacement has magnitude and direction still it is a scalar quantity and not the vector quantity.
I like to share this Equation for Angular Acceleration with you all through my article.
Angular Displacement Formula
The angle of displacement is always measured in radians, since it is the change in the angle of the body with respect to its initial position.
The formula to find angle of displacement is given as;
Angular-Displacement = ???
Where,
??? = angle between the initial position of body to its final position.
How to Find Angular Displacement?
For finding angle of displacement, we need to follow these steps;
1. First obtain initial position of the body;
2. Obtain the final position of the body;
3. Find the angle between the two positions;
4. The angle is the measure of the angle of displacement.
In case if the linear displacement and the radius of curve is given then use the following equation to obtain the angle of displacement;
Angular-Displacement = ??? =
Where,
s = linear displacement; and
r = radius of curve through which the body rotates.
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Example of angular displacement:
A car is moving with the speed of 40 km/h on a curved surface having a diameter of 50 cms. Find the angle of displacement of the car along the curve at time t = 10 sec, 20 sec and 50 sec?
Solution:
As given in the question above we need to first identify the linear displacement at different time and then using the relation between the linear displacement and angle of displacement we will find the angle of displacement of the car at different times.
For time t = 10 sec;
s = 40 * (10 / 60 * 60) = 111.11 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 10 sec is;
???t=10 = 111.11 / 0.5 = 222.22 radians
For time t = 20 sec;
s = 40 * (20 / 60 * 60) = 222.22 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 20 sec is;
???t=20 = 222.22 / 0.5 = 444.44 radians
For time t = 50 sec;
s = 40 * (50 / 60 * 60) = 555.55 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 50 sec is;
???t=50 = 555.55 / 0.5 = 1111.11 radians
Displacement is known as the change in the position of body or object with respect to a point of reference. Displacement is a scalar quantity. Similarly when an object or body changes both the position and angle then it’s displacement is calculated as angular displacement.
Angular-displacement is the change of the angle and the position of the body with respect to its initial position and angle.
Although displacement has magnitude and direction still it is a scalar quantity and not the vector quantity.
I like to share this Equation for Angular Acceleration with you all through my article.
Angular Displacement Formula
The angle of displacement is always measured in radians, since it is the change in the angle of the body with respect to its initial position.
The formula to find angle of displacement is given as;
Angular-Displacement = ???
Where,
??? = angle between the initial position of body to its final position.
How to Find Angular Displacement?
For finding angle of displacement, we need to follow these steps;
1. First obtain initial position of the body;
2. Obtain the final position of the body;
3. Find the angle between the two positions;
4. The angle is the measure of the angle of displacement.
In case if the linear displacement and the radius of curve is given then use the following equation to obtain the angle of displacement;
Angular-Displacement = ??? =
Where,
s = linear displacement; and
r = radius of curve through which the body rotates.
Having problem with Density of Pure Water keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.
Example of angular displacement:
A car is moving with the speed of 40 km/h on a curved surface having a diameter of 50 cms. Find the angle of displacement of the car along the curve at time t = 10 sec, 20 sec and 50 sec?
Solution:
As given in the question above we need to first identify the linear displacement at different time and then using the relation between the linear displacement and angle of displacement we will find the angle of displacement of the car at different times.
For time t = 10 sec;
s = 40 * (10 / 60 * 60) = 111.11 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 10 sec is;
???t=10 = 111.11 / 0.5 = 222.22 radians
For time t = 20 sec;
s = 40 * (20 / 60 * 60) = 222.22 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 20 sec is;
???t=20 = 222.22 / 0.5 = 444.44 radians
For time t = 50 sec;
s = 40 * (50 / 60 * 60) = 555.55 meters;
so the angle of displacement at time t = 50 sec is;
???t=50 = 555.55 / 0.5 = 1111.11 radians
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